Epidemiology of Acute Injuries in Surfing: Type, Location, Mechanism, Severity, and Incidence: A Systematic Review

Prospective and retrospective studies have examined traumatic injuries within competitive and recreational surfers worldwide using online surveys and health care facility (HCF; e.g., hospital, emergency department, medical record) data. However, few studies have provided a synthesis of all available literature. The purpose of this study was to obtain, critique and synthesise all literature specific to acute surfing injuries, and evaluate differences in injury type, mechanism and location between HCF and survey data. A systematic literature review design was used to identify relevant articles from three major databases. Peer-reviewed epidemiological studies of musculoskeletal surfing injuries were included. A modified AXIS tool was used for critical appraisal, and objective data was extracted and synthesized by lead researchers. Overall frequencies for injury location, type and mechanism were calculated from raw injury data. A total of 19 cross-sectional articles of fair to good quality (Modified AXIS 54.2–83.3%) were included in this study; 17 were National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) level III-2 (retrospective) and two were level II (prospective). Articles examined competitive, recreational and combined populations. Injury data from Australia, Brazil, UK, USA, Portugal, Japan, Norway, and worldwide were represented. Skin (46.0%; HCF 50.1%, survey 43.8%) and being struck by own surfboard (38.6%; HCF 73.4%, survey 36.7%) were the most common injury type and mechanism. Head, face and neck injuries were most common in HCF (43.1%) versus lower limb injuries (36.4%) in survey data. Incidence proportion was highest in aerialists (0.48). Incidence rate (number of injuries per 1000 h) ranged from 0.74 in Australian surfers (Melbourne) to 6.6 in international contest surfers from medical record data. This review highlights the prevalence of skin, board-related, head, face and neck, and lower limb surfing injuries across available literature. Proposed use of protective equipment and foam-based surfboards in dangerous or crowded surf locations may reduce injury risk

Paper Session III-A - Design of a Portable Data Collection Procedure System for Processing Space Shuttle Payloads and Main Engines at the Kennedy Space Center

The Portable Data Collection (PDC) Procedure System is currently being developed to allow Work Authorization Documents (WADs) to be run electronically at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). WADs are used throughout KSC to perform various tests, maintenance, and integration tasks, including processing of Space Shuttle Main Engine hardware and Space Shuttle Payloads. The PDC system is targeted for use in the Space Shuttle Main Engine Shop, and for Space Station Resupply and Return ground processing, in 1998. With the PDC system, the work procedure is converted from a word processor document to a database. It is then executed using standard work stations and portable computers. All data is entered electronically and stored in the database. This includes quality stamps, signatures, notes, and task data. The system immediately distributes entered data to all other terminals viewing the same document. The current ink stamp is replaced with an electronic stamp

Human Factors Operability Timeline Analysis to Improve the Processing Flow of the Orion Spacecraft

The Constellation Program (CxP) Orion vehicle goes through several areas and stages of processing before its launched at the Kennedy Space Center. In order to have efficient and effective processing, all of the activities need to be analyzed. This was accomplished by first developing a timeline of events that included each activity, and then each activity was analyzed by operability experts and human factors experts with spacecraft processing experience. This papers focus is to explain the results and the process for developing this human factors operability timeline analysis to improve the processing flow of Orion

Multi-element isotopic analysis of hot particles from Chornobyl

Microscopic fuel fragments, so-called “hot particles”, were released during the 1986 accident at the Chornobyl nuclear powerplant and continue to contaminate the exclusion zone in northern Ukraine. Isotopic analysis can provide vital information about sample origin, history and contamination of the environment, though it has been underutilized due to the destructive nature of most mass spectrometric techniques, and inability to remove isobaric interference. Recent developments have diversified the range of elements that can be investigated through resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS), notably in the fission products. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the application of multi-element analysis on hot particles as relates to their burnup, particle formation in the accident, and weathering. The particles were analysed with two RIMS instruments: resonant-laser secondary neutral mass spectrometry (rL-SNMS) at the Institute for Radiation Protection and Radioecology (IRS) in Hannover, Germany, and laser ionization of neutrals (LION) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, USA. Comparable results across instruments show a range of burnup dependent isotope ratios for U and Pu and Cs, characteristic of RBMK-type reactors. Results for Rb, Ba and Sr show the influence of the environment, retention of Cs in the particles and time passed since fuel discharge

Moving at scale: Promising practice and practical guidance on evaluation of physical activity programmes in the UK

Paper presented at the 7th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress, 15th-17th October 2018, London, England.Purpose: To develop effective physical activity (PA) frameworks policy makers require an understanding of which interventions increase PA at population level. This investigation identified PA interventions in the UK; considered key challenges in evaluating interventions; and provided guidance to inform and support effective evaluation. It followed from a 2014 investigation that identified and benchmarked PA interventions in England. Methods: An open call for examples of good and promising practice was made to organisations, groups, and individuals delivering PA interventions in the UK. Participants completed a questionnaire based upon elements of the Standard Evaluation Framework for Physical Activity Programmes. Nesta Standards of Evidence were interpreted and used to score projects and programmes based on an assessment of the evaluation method used. Results: A total of 302 completed submissions were assessed; 17 interventions used a control or comparison group; 12 were evaluated by an external evaluator; 55% of interventions collected pre/post measures; 22% engaged between 1,000 and 5,000 participants with 8% including >25,000 participants; 27% had been on-going for 2-5 years; 55% were delivered in a local authority leisure facility; 40% received funding from local authorities and 32% from private funders. Conclusions: The quality of monitoring, data collection, and evaluation processes embedded into programme delivery has improved since the 2014 review, which is encouraging. Non-inclusion of control or comparison groups (although not always appropriate) remains a barrier in demonstrating the causal impact of programmes. Few studies reported independent evaluation. Inadequate or incomplete submissions also impacted assessment.Published versio

Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape

Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human–wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.Peer reviewe

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

Load and academic attainment in two business schools

In this paper the relationship between academic load (the number of modules attempted) and academic performance is investigated in a Scottish and an Australian university. An engagement approach to academic integration is employed, in which there is feedback between load and performance, and in which there is scope for diminishing returns to the study of additional modules once loads become high. The results indicate that full-time students reduced module load in response to information on academic performance. At the Scottish business school many non-traditional students had taken up opportunities to enter university under the UK government's drive to widen participation. In that school load reduction was undertaken at twice the rate of the Australian business school. For women, reductions from full-time loads by one or two modules appear rational in that better average marks result. There are indications that status as a widening participation entrant, the learning and assessment environment, the funding regime and rest-of-life demands have influences on load reduction and on academic performance.div_BaMBean, J. & Metzner, B. (1985) A conceptual model of non-traditional undergraduate student attrition, Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 485-540. Becker, W. (2004) Quantitative research on teaching methods in tertiary education, in: Becker, W. & Andrews, M. (Eds) The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: contributions of research universities (Bloomington, Indiana University Press), 265-309. Business Education Support Team (BEST) (2001) Learning and teaching in business, management and accounting: the UK landscape (Norwich, Learning Teaching and Support Network BEST) Bourner, T. & Hamed, M. (1987) Entry qualifications and degree performance (London, Council for National Academic Awards). Bratti, M. & Staffolani, S. (2002) Student time allocation and educational production functions. Available online at http://econwpa.wustl.edu:80/eps/hew/papers/0207/0207001.pdf, (accessed 2 January 2006). Cabrera, A., Castaneda, M., Nora, A. & Hengstler, D. (1992) The convergence between two theories of college persistence, Journal of Higher Education, 63(2), 143-164. Cabrera, A. Nora, F. & Castaneda, M. (1993) College persistence: structural equations modelling test of an integrated model of student retention, Journal of Higher Education, 64(2), 123-149. Claydon, T. (2001) Human resource management and the labour market, in: Beardwell, I. & Holden, L. (Eds) Human resource management: a contemporary approach (3rd edn) (Harlow, FT Prentice Hall), 69-123. Foster, J., Houston, M., Knox, H. & Rimmer, R. (2002) Surviving first year (Paisley, Lifelong Learning Research Group). Greene, W. (2002) Limdep version 8 (Plainview, NY, Econometric Software). Greene, W. (2003) Econometric analysis (5th edn) (Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall). Gujarati, D. (2003) Basic econometrics (Boston, MA, McGraw Hill). Houston, M. & Rimmer, R. (2005) A comparison of academic outcomes for business and other students, International Journal of Management Education, 4(3), 11-19. Lindsay, R. (1998) Analysing student performance, in: Rust, C. (Ed.) Improving student learning: improving students as learners (Oxford, Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development), 32-55. McNabb, R., Pal, M. & Sloane, P. (2002) Gender differences in educational attainment: the case of university students in England and Wales, Economica, 69(275), 481-503. Metzner, B. & Bean, J. (1987) The estimation of a conceptual model of non-traditional undergraduate student attrition, Research in Higher Education, 27(1), 15-38. Pritchett, L. & Filmer, D. (1999) What education production functions really show: a positive theory of educational expenditures, Economics of Education Review, 18(2), 223-229. Rimmer, R. & Rimmer, S. (1997) Employment breaks, pay and career development among Australian women, Gender, Work and Organisation, 4(4), 202-217. Smith, J. & Naylor, R. (2001) Determinants of degree performance in UK universities: a statistical analysis of the 1993 student cohort, Oxford Bulletin of Statistics, 63(1), 29-60. Summers, M. (2003) Eric review: attrition research at community colleges, Community College Review, 30(4), 64-84. Szafran, R. (2001) The effect of academic load on success for new college students: is lighter better?, Research in Higher Education, 42(1), 27-49. Tinto, V. (1975) Dropout from higher education: a theoretical synthesis of recent research, Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89-125. Yorke, M. (2002) Degree classification in English, Welsh and Northern Irish universities: trends 1994-5 to 1998-99, Higher Education Quarterly, 56(1), 92-108.32pub88pub